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The Discovery and derivation of testosterone
The discovery and research of testosterone and its derivatives is of great significance, which opens the door of modern hormonology and greatly promotes the development of endocrinology, reproductiveThe discovery and research of testosterone and its derivatives is of great significance, which opens the door of modern hormonology and greatly promotes the development of endocrinology, reproductive medicine and biology.
The discovery of testosterone
In the late 19th century, scientists studying the effects of castration on animals noticed that castrated animals lacked certain masculine traits and were associated with decreased sexual function. In 1889, French physiologists experimented by injecting themselves with animal testicle extracts and reported various positive effects, sparking interest in the potential role of testicular secretions. In the mid-19th century, German physiologists conducted extensive research on testicular function and transplantation. His experiments with roosters have shown that testicular tissue transplants can restore the second trait. This is further evidence of the existence of a substance that determines male sexuality.
However, the chemical structure of testicular secretions has not been isolated and identified. It was not until 1935 that Dutch endocrinologists successfully isolated and purified the hormone testosterone from bull testicles and named it testosterone. This is an important milestone in the understanding of male sex hormones. In this process, the structure of testosterone was determined to be 4-androsten-17β-olone, molecular formula C19H28O2, molecular weight 288.4.
By the 1940s to the 1970s, the physiological effects and mechanisms of testosterone were gradually studied clearly, including its transformation metabolism in vivo, and the binding effect with receptors. This laid the foundation for the clinical application of testosterone.
Synthetic testosterone
After successfully isolating testosterone, scientists began researching ways to synthesize the hormone. Since then, many scientists have successfully synthesized testosterone, including extracting sterols from plant extracts and converting them into testosterone, or directly synthesizing testosterone using chemical reactions.
A derivative of testosterone
With the development of modern biotechnology, scientists have in-depth research on testosterone, found and synthesized a variety of different testosterone derivatives,
Including oral testosterone, different ester testosterone, steroids, etc., have promoted the wide application of testosterone in various medical fields.
Testosterone plays a vital role in all aspects of male physiology, including sexual development, muscle growth, bone density, and red blood cell production. It is also used to treat conditions such as hypogonadism and certain types of breast cancer. -
The production of testosterone in men and women
Testosterone is a male hormone, however, in addition to being produced by men, women also produce testosterone. How is testosterone produced in men and women?Testosterone is a male hormone, however, in addition to being produced by men, women also produce testosterone. How is testosterone produced in men and women?
Testosterone production in men
In men, testosterone is produced mainly by the testicles. Its secretion is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis (HPGA).
The hypothalamus secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to secrete gonadotropins (LH and FSH). LH mainly stimulates testicular secretion of testosterone,FSH mainly promotes the development of testicular endosperm cells and the secretion of antidiuretic hormone.
LH acts on the LH receptor of Leydig cell membrane of testis to promote the synthesis and secretion of testosterone. The synthesized testosterone is mainly released into the blood, and a small part is released into the spermatogenic tubules and other tissues.
High levels of testosterone in the blood can stimulate the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to produce negative feedback through the blood barrier, inhibit the secretion of GnRH, LH and FSH, reduce the synthesis and secretion of testosterone, and complete the negative feedback regulation of the endocrine axis.
In addition to the secretion of male testosterone is mainly regulated by HPGA, the adrenal cortex can synthesize a small amount of testosterone, the liver also has the potential to synthesize testosterone, adipose tissue can also convert androstentrione into a very small amount of testosterone, other tissues such as skin, gastrointestinal tract, etc., can synthesize a very small amount of testosterone, but the contribution is very small. Although there are many tissues that have the ability to synthesize testosterone and play a certain compensatory role when testicular function is impaired, it is difficult to rely on these tissues alone to meet the testosterone needs of men, so testosterone replacement therapy is often required in cases of testicular function impairment.
Testosterone production in women
The level of testosterone in women is about 1/10 of that of men, and it is mainly secreted by the ovaries and adrenal glands, and its production process is different from that of men.
The ovaries can produce a small amount of testosterone, and ovarian removal surgery can reduce a woman's testosterone levels by about 25-30%.
The adrenal glands can also synthesize testosterone, accounting for about 25% of a woman's testosterone. Adrenal disease or surgery can affect testosterone synthesis.
Women's testes can also produce small amounts of testosterone. Aromatase in adipose tissue also has the function of converting androstenedione to testosterone, but contributes less.
Although women also secrete testosterone, but the level is lower, mainly as a biosynthetic precursor of estrogen, and is involved in the fo... -
How does triiodothyronine T3 improve the overall basal metabolism of bodybuilders?
The thyroid hormone T3(triiodothyronine) improves overall basal metabolism and heat production, increasing the body's oxygen and energy expenditure. How does T3 improve overall basal metabolism?The thyroid hormone T3(triiodothyronine) improves overall basal metabolism and heat production, increasing the body's oxygen and energy expenditure. How does T3 improve overall basal metabolism?
What is basal metabolism?
Basal metabolism, also known as basal metabolic rate (BMR), is the minimum caloric requirement required to maintain a resting individual's life. It represents the energy expenditure necessary to maintain basic physiological processes such as respiration, circulation, cell maintenance and the maintenance of body temperature.
Why improve your basal metabolism?
In general, people with a high basal metabolic rate tend to burn more calories when at rest, which helps with easier weight control and helps prevent weight gain.
People with a lot of muscle mass tend to have a higher basal metabolic rate because muscle requires more energy to maintain compared to fat.
How does T3 improve basal metabolism?
The thyroid hormone T3 acts on most tissues in the body, enhancing their function and metabolism.
Acts on proteins: T3 affects cell metabolism by affecting gene expression and protein synthesis. It regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and promotes the utilization of nutrients to produce energy.
Increased glucose uptake: T3 enhances glucose metabolism and promotes glucose transport to cells, primarily in muscle and adipose tissue. It enhances the activity of glucose transporters and promotes the uptake of glucose from the blood into cells.
Enhances glycolysis: T3 increases the activity of enzymes involved in glycolysis, resulting in an increase in energy (in the form of ATP) produced by glucose.
Increased glycogen breakdown: Glycogen is the glucose stored in the liver and muscles. T3 promotes the release of this glucose into the blood, providing a direct source of energy.
Increased lipid metabolism: T3 stimulates cholesterol breakdown and increases the number of LDL receptors, thereby increasing the rate of fat decomposition. -
Bone health with sex hormones androgen and estrogen
For bodybuilders, muscle gain is very important, as is the associated bone health. Is bone health related to the sex hormone androgens or estrogen?Bone health with Androgens
Testosterone is the main male hormone that promotes bone formation and maintenance. A lack of testosterone can damage bones and increase the risk of osteoporosis.
Androgen can increase the level of extracellular endogenous ribonucleic acid and increase the activity and proliferation ability of bone cells.
Testosterone can inhibit the activity of bone resorption cells and reduce the destruction of bone.
Androgens also increase calcium absorption, which helps maintain bone mass.
Estrogen with Bone Health
Estrogen can inhibit the activity of bone cells and reduce the destruction of bone.
Estrogen can increase calcium absorption and promote bone maintenance.
Estrogen deficiency increases the activity of bone eating cells, leading to bone loss.
Menopause leads to a lack of estrogen in women and is the period when women are most prone to fractures.
Androgens and Estrogen with Bone Health
Androgens maintain bone health mainly by promoting bone production, while estrogen achieves its effect mainly by inhibiting bone destruction. When androgens and estrogens work together, they can improve the absorption and utilization of calcium and maintain the dynamic balance of bone health.
In fact, both estrogen and androgens are present together in both men and women.
In men, testosterone interacts with 5AR to produce estrogen. In women, the ovaries and adrenal glands produce small amounts of androgens.
In postmenopausal women, when estrogen levels drop, this part of the androgen is converted to estrogen, which helps maintain bone health.
Whether it is androgen or estrogen, lower than normal levels can affect bone health. With age, sex hormone levels decrease, and when necessary, a moderate amount of testosterone or estrogen is needed to maintain bone health.
Calcium is a major component of bones, and in addition to maintaining sex hormone levels, supplementing with calcium and vitamin D also contributes to bone health. At the same time, we should participate in exercise appropriately and maintain a healthy lifestyle. -
Triiodothyronine T3 and rT3, rT3 is a stumbling block on the way to weight loss?
T3 increases metabolism and burns fat, so rT3's likely role is to slow metabolism and conserve fat.When T4 is converted into T3 in the body, part of rT3 is also converted. rT3 is also known as reverse T3, only from the literal meaning, it can be seen that it plays the opposite role with T3. T3 increases metabolism and burns fat, so rT3's likely role is to slow metabolism and conserve fat.
In fact, rT3 does this. In the process of losing weight, most of the need to control the intake of calories, so dieters will feel hungry most of the day. We often think that the less we eat, the faster our weight loss process will go. Actually, it's not.
During times of perceived hunger, the body produces more rT3 to reduce metabolism and maintain the body's energy stores. So doctors will tell you that you can't blindly diet in order to lose weight, long-term low-calorie diet, will reduce the body's overall metabolic level, making stubborn fat more difficult to lose. The correct way to lose weight should be to eat enough calories and adhere to exercise, improve the overall metabolic level of the body, scientific and healthy weight loss.
Similarly, when stress increases, the production of rT3 also increases, which may be one reason why some people gain weight despite increased stress.
In contrast to rT3, T3 increases overall metabolism and, with exercise, burns a lot of fat. At the same time, T3 significantly enhances skeletal muscle strength, contractility and endurance, enhances protein synthesis, and promotes muscle growth. supplements are ideal for bodybuilder use.
So, if I convert T3 directly instead of T4 to T3, can I avoid the generation of rT3?
In theory, this is exactly the right thing to do.
However, the effect of T3 is more direct, the effect will be more intense, and the possibility of side effects will be relatively greater. rT3 itself is inactive, but it competes with T3 for receptors, making it unable to bind to the corresponding receptor and thus unable to function. This can counteract some of the effect of T3, making the effect of T3 less strong. In some tissues that don't need a lot of T3, rT3 actually acts as a protective tissue. Therefore, T4 is still the safer choice. Of course, you can also choose a combination of T3 and T4. -
How many calories do I need while building muscle ?
In addition to exercising, it is important to eat well. So, how many calories do I need per day in the process?In addition to exercising, it is important to eat well. So, how many calories do I need per day in the process?
The effect of calories on muscle building
Calories play an important role in building muscle, and you must consume enough calories to support muscle growth and repair.
The process of building muscle is actually a process of converting the calories you eat into muscle through exercise. If the calories you consume are not enough to maintain your metabolism, there is no spare energy to support muscle build. To build muscle, you need to eat more calories than your body expends.
Adequate calorie intake ensures that users have enough energy for high-intensity workouts, which are essential for stimulating muscle growth. At the same time, if the intake of calories is not enough, it will also cause the body to begin to break down muscle for energy, which is contrary to our original intention to build muscle.
How many calories do I need to eat
For most men and women, a typical daily diet requires more than 2,000 calories. While 2,000 calories is enough for some people with small total weight or low resting metabolism to gain muscle, for most people, it is not enough to support the energy needed for muscle growth. For the cutting phase, this may be sufficient, but for the bulking phase, it is not. For most people, 2,000 calories is roughly a maintenance diet.
2500 calories is enough to provide a surplus in the pupil canal for many people and is suitable for most women and many men to build muscle. However, it is also necessary to eat enough protein to promote muscle growth.
3000 calories is basically enough to provide muscle building calories, but it still varies from person to person. For people who already have a lot of muscle mass or have a faster metabolism, 3,000 calories may not be enough.
So, in general, 2,000 calories is the starting point for bodybuilder's energy. For people who build muscle, in addition to paying attention to calories, they should also pay attention to balanced nutrition, balancing the intake of protein, carbohydrates, minerals, etc. -
Overview of Anabolic steroids, if you need steroids and you don't know which one to choose, look here
I will introduce the basic properties of these commonly used anabolic steroid in detail. With this information, you will know which steroid you should choose.There are not many anabolic steroids commonly used by Bodybuilders, however, if you are not particularly knowledgeable about them, testosterone may be the first thing that comes to mind. In the following, I will introduce the basic properties of these commonly used anabolic steroid in detail. With this information, you will know which steroid you should choose.
Anabolic activity
anabolic steroid activity is a key data that determines the muscle-building capacity of anabolic steroid. We usually default that the anabolic activity of testosterone is 100%. So, which of the other steroids has the highest anabolic activity compared to testosterone (the top five are listed below for reference only)?
Trenbolone's anabolic activity is 500%
Methasteron (superdrol) has 400%-500% anabolic activity
Oxandrolone (anavar) has anabolic activity of 322%-633%
Nandrolone (Deca durabolin, Npp) has anabolic activity of 329% to 492%
Stanozolol (winstrol) has anabolic activity of 320%
Androgen activity
In terms of anabolic activity, Trenbolone is the first choice. In fact, which one to choose depends on its androgen activity. Androgen activity is usually the lower the better, and Trenboline's androgen activity is also very high and not suitable for all bodybuilders. Again, with 100% androgen activity of testosterone, let's look at the top five anabolic steroid with the lowest androgen activity (data for reference only).
Oxandrolone (anavar) has 24% androgen activity (in fact, the data suggest that it has only 5% of the masculine side effects of testosterone).
Methasteron (superdrol) has androgen activity of 20%
Drostanolone (Masteron) has androgen activity of 25%
Stanozolol (winstrol) has androgen activity of 20%-30%
Nandrolone (Deca durabolin, Npp) has 31%-41% androgen activity
Testosterone derivatives or DHT derivatives
In addition to androgen activity, estrogen activity is also a key attribute in evaluating an anabolic steroid. steroid was divided into testosterone derivatives and DHT derivatives. Testosterone derivatives were easier to aromatization and produced estrogen side effects, while DHT derivatives had no water retention and gyno such estrogen side effects.
Testosterone derivatives are: Trenbolone, Nandrolone, Boldenone, dianabol.
DHT derivatives are: Drostanolone, Metenolone, anavar, winstrol, anadrol, proviron, superdrol.
Oral or Injection
In addition to the above attributes of anabolic steroid, the way they are used is also a reason for choice.
Commonly used oral anabolic steroid are: anavar, dianabol, winstrol, anadrol, proviron, superdrol.
Commonly used injectable anabolic steroid are: Testoterone, Trenbolone, Nandrolone, Boldenone, Drostanolone, Metenolone.
In general, Bodybuilder wants to choose a synthetic metabol... -
How do you get muscle without going to the gym
The most direct way to gain muscle is to train hard, followed by diet and sleep. How to get better training?The most direct way to gain muscle is to train hard, followed by diet and sleep. How to get better training? The first thing that comes to mind is going to the gym, which has all the equipment and professional trainers to show you how to train to gain muscle. However, this all costs money. Is there any way to gain muscle without going to the gym?
Weight exercise
Gaining muscle requires some weight training, and the gym has a lot of auxiliary equipment for weight training, such as bench press, dumbbell squat, dumbbell bench press, dumbbell push machine, pull down machine, etc. If there is no relevant training equipment, buy your own frustration a home dumbbell can also do many aspects of muscle exercise.
In addition to equipment, you can also target different muscle groups with your own weight. Things like push-ups, pull-ups, squats, lunges, planks, and burpees can all help you build muscle and strength without equipment.
gymnastics
Gymnastics is a form of exercise that uses body weight movements and combines them into a routine to build strength and muscles. They often include handstands, muscle ups, squats, and various dynamic movements.
Antistop band
Resistance training with resistance bands. Resistance bands provide resistance across the entire range of motion and can be used to perform exercises such as bicep curls, chest presses, strokes and side raises to work the muscles in the appropriate area.
Outdoor sports
Outdoor activities such as hiking, rock climbing, swimming, soccer, basketball and other sports can help develop muscle mass, strength, and endurance.
Cooperative training
Your training "equipment" can also be your partner. High pull-downs, squats and other exercises can be performed with a partner.
Supplements
Supplements helps gain muscle, and many people choose it to burn fat and increase muscle mass. However, you should keep exercising even if there are supplements. -
Where does the natural triiodothyronine T3 come from?
T3 increases the body's metabolic level, contributing to fat breakdown and muscle growth. Where does the body's natural T3 come from?There are two sources of T3 in the body, one is directly secreted by the thyroid gland, which accounts for 20% of the total T3 in the body. The other is converted from T4, which makes up 80% of the body's total T3.
The thyroid gland directly secretes T3
The production and release of thyroid hormones, T4 and T3 are controlled by a feedback loop on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. T4 and T3 are the main thyroid hormones.
When the body detects low levels of thyroid hormones (T4 and T3), the pituitary gland releases thyrotropin to stimulate the thyroid gland to produce more thyroid hormone. The amount of thyroid-stimulating releasing hormone produced by living organisms depends on the body's need for thyroid hormone. Once the levels of thyroid hormones (T4 and T3) in the blood reach normal levels, the pituitary gland stops releasing thyroid-stimulating releasing hormone. In this way, the system enables the body to maintain constant levels of thyroid hormones (T4 and T3).
In this process, the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 are present at the same time, so under what circumstances is T3 produced, and under what circumstances is T4 produced?
The process of thyroid hormone synthesis can be summarized as four steps: "polyiodide - activation - iodide - condensation". T3 and T4 are formed in the condensation of the last step. In the process of iodination, the ammonia on the phenyl ring of tyrosine is replaced by activated iodine catalyzed by TPO(thyroid peroxidase) to form MIT(monoiodotyrosine) or DIT(diiodotyrosine). Then, in the process of condensation, catalyzed by TPO, one MIT and one DIT condense to produce T3 and a very small amount of rT3, and two Dits condense to produce T4.
This part of T3 is directly generated and accounts for about 20% of the total T3. The other 80% of T3 that the body needs is converted from T4.
How does T4 turn into T3?
T4 is produced by a deiodination reaction, in which an iodine atom is removed by metabolic enzymes in the peripheral tissues to form T3. There are three types of deiodinases involved in this process, type I, type II and type III deiodinases. Type I is found mainly in the liver, kidneys, thyroid, and pituitary gland, type II in the central nervous system, pituitary gland, brown adipose tissue, and cardiovascular tissues, and type III in the placenta, CNS, and hemangiomas. Type III deiodinase mainly converts T4 to rT3, which, unlike T3, is inactive and counteracts some of the effects of T3.
The conversion efficiency of T4 to T3 is different, and the conversion efficiency of young people is higher than that of old people. -
What are Dirty bulking and Clean bulking?
Dirty bulking and Clean bulking are terms commonly used to describe two different dietary situations during the bulking cycle.What is Dirty bulking?
Dirty bulking usually focuses on providing more calories and growing muscle mass. In this process, you don't pay much attention to whether the food calories consumed are far more than the calories needed, or whether these foods are healthy foods.
Choosing Dirty bulking will largely result in eating some junk food, which may include fast food, sugary snacks, fried foods, or other foods that are high in calories but not high in nutritional value. In the process, they also do not pay particular attention to whether they will eat too many calories, just want to speed up the growth of muscles and gain strength through more food intake. In the process, a large amount of fat may be accumulated in the body because the excess calories are not used effectively by the body.
What is Clean bulking?
In contrast to Dirty bulking, clean bulking requires a controlled caloric intake during muscle building, so that the user consumes enough energy for daily exercise without excessive surplus, and avoids excessive fat accumulation after bulking ends. At the same time, clean bulking focuses more on high-quality sources of heat. During this period, lean protein, complex carbohydrates and healthy fats are usually chosen, as well as mineral and trace element intake. This includes including lean meat, fish, eggs, legumes, fruits, vegetables, nuts and other foods in your diet to support your body's health and muscle growth.
Dirty bulking vs Clean bulking
clean bulking looks better, literally. It looks more professional and healthy. Is that the case?
Because clean bulking is actually still on a diet to some extent, user's weight gain in this mode is still under control. As a result, the dirty bulking will gain weight faster than the clean bulking, and the user will gain weight quickly and provide a greater level of strength in this situation. This is a faster way for people who are looking for weight and not so much for lean muscle. However, the side effect of this weight gain is also obvious - fat accumulation. Therefore, if your goal is to lean muscle, the corresponding cutting cycle is essential. Those who chose clean bulking did not gain weight as quickly as dirty bulking, but they gained less fat and their muscles looked thinner and more streamlined.
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